X sample implementation - same as Xsi.

Xsi - implementation of I18N functions for X11R5 from OMRON Corp. X input method protocol - same as Ximp.

Ximp - implementation of I18N functions for X11R5 from Fujitsu Limited, Sony Corp, Fuji Xerox Co, Oki Technosystems Laboratory, Toshiba Corp, and Nihon Sun Microsystems.

font - a collection of glyphs, all of the same stroke style, containing at most one glyph from each set of variants, used to represent the characters corresponding to each value in a charset.

compound string - a data structure, consisting of three parts, a font list tag element, a direction identifier, and text. The text is stored as wchar_t's.

font list element tag - component of a compound string which specifies the font or font set in a font list of the current segment of the compound string.

direction identifier - component of a compound string which specifies the direction of the text in the current segment of the compound string.

separator - special form of a compound string component used to separate other segments.

Different compound strings may be concatenated together to form a new compound string.

The MIT X11R5 release provides a library of wide character string manipulation functions in contrib/lib/Xwchar.

With the MIT X11R5, the locale modifier may be used to specify the input method. This may be set from a resource at initialization time.

For Japanese, charset jisx0208.1983-0 corresponds to Kanji, charset jisx0201.1976-0 corresponds to the kana phonetic characters.

glyph - same as font glyph.

font glyph - the actual image of the corresponding character that gets displayed.

index of a font glyph in a font - same as the encoding of the corresponding character in the charset associated with the font, by definition.

XSupportsLocale() - determines if the current locale is supported by Xlib.

XSetLocaleModifiers() - allows the specification of a list of modifiers which are concatenated with modifiers from XMODIFIERS environment variable.

XChar2b - data type which represents a 2 byte character (under X).

dead-keys input method - same as European input method.

pre-editing - the process of composing characters from keystrokes.

In R4, most clients assume that the code point is the same as the font index, which won't work for big codesets.

context-dependent rendering - ligatures, accented characters, drawn as separate characters, or different font glyphs depending on context.

Arabic and Thai require context-dependent rendering.

X11R5 mentions the POSIX.1 portable filename character set. vertical text - text whose characters are displayed top to bottom or bottom to top.

bidirectional text - text that may be right-to-left or left-to-right.

Hebrew and Arabic are bidirectional languages.

Chinese may be vertical.

X11R5I18N modifies Xt to add resource loading.

X11R5I18N modifies Xlib to add input method support and maps characters to glyphs.

X11R5I18N modifies toolkits to add RTL menus and bitmaps.

X11R5I18N modifies the Xserver to support keyboards and fonts.

X resource database -

In general, there may not be a one-to-one correspondence between a code point in a codeset and a single glyph.

font set - group of fonts that are needed to display text for a given locale represented by XFontSet opaque object, introduced in XlibR5.

base font name - identifies a family of fonts of a similar typeface, each font containing a set of glyphs useful in a particular locale or set of locales.

XLFD - same as X Logical Font Description.

X Logical Font Description - identifies each font property. font property - one of typeface, point size, style, character set.

XwcDrawString() - wide character version of XDrawString().

XmbDrawString() - multibyte version of XDrawString().

status area - output-only window intended to be logical extention of keyboard LED's.

pre-edit area - window for display of intermediate text entered during pre-editing.

auxiliary area - window used for popup menus and dialogs that may be necessary for the input method.

on-the-spot pre-editing - pre-editing in which the pre-edited text appears at the text insertion location, rendered identically to the surrounding text.

over-the-spot pre-editing - pre-editing in which the pre-edited text appears in an input method window placed over the point of insertion.

off-the-spot pre-editing - pre-editing in which the pre-edit window is inside the client window, but not over the point of insertion; usually at the bottom of the client window.

root-window pre-editing - pre-editing in which the pre-edit window is the child of the root window.

input server - a process separate from the client which implements an input method.

An input method may be implemented as a stub communicating with an input server or as a local library.

input architecture - either front end architecture or back end architecture.

front end architecture - an input architecture in which there are two connections to the server. Keystrokes go from the X server to the input method on one connection and other events go to the server on the other connection. The input method sends composed strings to the client.

back end architecture - an input architecture in which a dispatching mechanism in the client delegates appropriate keystrokes to the input method which returns them to the client for display.

XIM data type - opaque data structure used by a client to communicate with an input method, returned by a call to XOpenIM().

XIC data type - opaque data structure representing an input context.

input context - a combination of a input method, locale specifying the encoding of strings returned by the input method, a client window, internal state information, and layout and appearance characteristics; associated one-to-one with an input method.

Existing input methods are not well documented, in English anyway, are not fully robust, require that the XIM programs may have to be tailored to operate with some of them, and are expected to be incorporated within toolkits and widgets.

super-locale - a mixture of more than one locale used to implement multilingual clients.

The X Consortium's charter generally prevents it from standardizing new, unproven technologies.

Compound text encoding is the standard format for exchanging textual data between X window system applications.

compound text - a string which is stored in the compound text encoding.

compound text encoding - an encoding in which a string is encoded and stored along with the name of its encoding. Useful for sharing text between clients running in different locales.

tagged text - compound text in which each segment is preceded by a tag that identifies the locale.

structured text - text which is a list of objects, each object containing a text segment with attributes (font, style, point size, locale).

COMPOUND_TEXT - name of the compound text encoding atom property. STRING - atom property name of the encoding corresponding to latin-1 plus newline and tab.

Context dependencies do not extend beyond white space in a string.

context dependency - the choice of a glyph depends on the position of the corresponding character in the text string.

XContextDependentDrawing() - routines that returns true if the current locale has context dependencies in the drawing of text, false otherwise.

"nonadjacency" - type of context dependency in which characters which are adjacent in a string may not be adjacent when displayed; usually caused by mixing left-to-right and right-to-left strings.

escapement - width of a glyph or set of glyphs which is always positive irrespective of whether it is drawn right-to-left or left-to-right.

session manager -

X11R5 does not explicitly provide support for multilingual applications.

Cut and Paste between two clients in different locales is an example of a multilingual application.

X portable character set - a superset of the POSIX portable filename character set which contains the characters a..zA..Z0..9!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[]^_`{|}~,, and .

host portable character encoding - the encoding for the X portable character set, which must be the same for all locales on a given host machine, but is otherwise unspecified.

latin portable character encoding - the encoding of the X portable character set in which the encodings agree with the latin-1 encoding.

Resource names are NOT localized.

resource name - the name of an X resource.

An alternative to catopen()/catgets()/catclose() is to place all strings to be displayed into an X resource file and to use X Resource Manager functions to look them up.

None of the input methods that are shipped with X11R5 are part of the core distributuion.

input manager - same as input server.

input method - the only way an internationalized X application gets user text input.

XSetICFocus() - causes key events to be directed to a particular IC.

XLookupString() - translates a key event into a keysym.

keysym - NULL terminated char* string corresponding to the given key.

XmbLookupString() - similar to XLookupString() except that it returns a NULL terminated multibyte string.

XwcLookupString() - similar to XLookupString() except that it returns a NULL terminated string of wchar_t's.

Xmb/XwcLookupString() will return a status code indicating no composed input is ready if that is the case.

OLIT - open look intrinsics toolkit.

MoOLIT - motif open look intrinsics toolkit.